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is omitted. for beta decay of a
neutron into a proton,
electron, and
neutrino via an intermediate heavy
W bosonIn
nuclear physics,
beta decay is a type of
radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an
electron or a positron) is emitted. In the case of electron emission, it is referred to as "beta minus" (β−), while in the case of a
positron emission as "beta plus" (β+).
In β− decay, the weak interaction converts a neutron (
n0) into a proton (
p+) while emitting an electron (
e−) and an
antineutrino (\bar{\nu}_e):
n^0 \rightarrow p^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e.
At the
fundamental particle level (as depicted in the
Feynman diagram below), this is due to the conversion of a down quark to an
up quark by emission of a W boson; the W- boson subsequently decays into an electron and an anti-neutrino.
In β+ decay, energy is used to convert a proton into a neutron, a positron (
e+ ) and a neutrino (\nu_e):
\mathrm{energy} + p^+ \rightarrow n^0 + e^+ + {\nu}_e.
Fundamentally, an up quark is converted into a down quark, emitting a W+ boson which then decays into a positron and a neutrino.
So, unlike beta minus decay, beta plus decay cannot occur in isolation, because it requires energy, the
mass of the neutron being greater than the mass of the proton. Beta plus decay can only happen inside nuclei when the absolute value of the binding energy of the daughter nucleus is higher than that of the mother nucleus. The difference between these energies goes into the reaction of converting a proton into a neutron, a positron and a neutrino and into the kinetic energy of these particles.
In all the cases where β+ decay is allowed energetically (and the proton is a part of a nucleus with electron shells), it is accompanied by the
electron capture process, when an atomic electron is captured by a nucleus with the emission of a neutrino:
\mathrm{energy} + p^+ + e^- \rightarrow n^0 + {\nu}_e.
But if the energy difference between initial and final states is low (less than 2mec2), then β+ decay is not energetically possible, and
electron capture is the sole decay mode.
If the proton and neutron are part of an atomic nucleus, these decay processes
Nuclear transmutation one chemical element into another. For example:
\mathrm{{}^1{}^{37}_{55}Cs}\rightarrow\mathrm{{}^1{}^{37}_{56}Ba}+ e^- + \bar{\nu}_e (beta minus),
\mathrm{~^{22}_{11}Na}\rightarrow\mathrm{~^{22}_{10}Ne} + e^+ + {\nu}_e (beta plus),
\mathrm{~^{22}_{11}Na} + e^- \rightarrow\mathrm{~^{22}_{10}Ne} + {\nu}_e (electron capture).
Beta decay does not change the number of nucleons
A in the nucleus but changes only its
electric charge Z. Thus the set of all nuclides with the same
A can be introduced; these
isobaric nuclides may turn into each other via beta decay. Among them, several nuclides (at least one) are beta stable, because they present local minima of the
mass excess: if such a nucleus has (
A,
Z) numbers, the neighbour nuclei (
A,
Z−1) and (
A,
Z+1) have higher mass excess and can beta decay into (
A,
Z), but not vice versa. It should be noted, that a beta-stable nucleus may undergo other kinds of radioactive decay (
alpha decay, for example). In nature, most isotopes are beta stable, but a few exceptions exist with half life so long that they have not had enough time to decay since the moment of their
nucleosynthesis. One example is potassium, which undergoes all three types of beta decay (beta minus, beta plus and electron capture) with half life of 1.277×109 years.
Some nuclei can undergo double beta decay (ββ decay) where the charge of the nucleus changes by two units. In most practically interesting cases, single beta decay is energetically forbidden for such nuclei, because when β and ββ decays are both allowed, the probability of β decay is (usually) much higher, preventing investigations of very rare ββ decays. Thus, ββ decay is usually studied only for beta stable nuclei. Like single beta decay, double beta decay does not change
A; thus, at least one of the nuclides with some given
A has to be stable with regard to both single and double beta decay.
Beta decay can be considered as a perturbation as described in quantum mechanics, and thus follows Fermi's Golden Rule.
Kurie plot
A Kurie Plot is a graph used in studying beta decay, in which the square root of the number of beta particles whose momenta (or energy) lie within a certain narrow range, divided by a function worked out by Fermi, is plotted against beta-particle energy; it is a straight line for allowed transitions and some forbidden transitions, in accord with the Fermi beta-decay theory.
History
Historically, the study of beta decay provided the first physical evidence of the neutrino. In 1911
Lise Meitner and
Otto Hahn performed an experiment that showed that the energies of electrons emitted by beta decay had a continuous rather than discrete spectrum. This was in apparent contradiction to the law of conservation of energy, as it appeared that energy was lost in the beta decay process. A second problem was that the spin of the Nitrogen-14 atom was 1, in contradiction to the Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson prediction of ½.
In 1920-1927, Charles Drummond Ellis (along with James Chadwick and colleagues) established clearly that the beta decay spectrum is really continuous, ending all controversies.
In a famous letter written in 1930
Wolfgang Pauli suggested that in addition to electrons and protons atoms also contained an extremely light neutral particle which he called the neutron. He suggested that this "neutron" was also emitted during beta decay and had simply not yet been observed. In 1931
Enrico Fermi renamed Pauli's "neutron" to neutrino, and in 1934 Fermi published a very successful
Fermi's interaction in which neutrinos were produced.
See also
is omitted. for beta decay of a
neutron into a proton, electron, and neutrino via an intermediate heavy W bosonIn
nuclear physics,
beta decay is a type of
radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an
electron or a
positron) is emitted. In the case of electron emission, it is referred to as "beta minus" (β−), while in the case of a positron emission as "beta plus" (β+).
In β− decay, the weak interaction converts a neutron (
n0) into a proton (
p+) while emitting an electron (
e−) and an
antineutrino (\bar{\nu}_e):
n^0 \rightarrow p^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e.
At the
fundamental particle level (as depicted in the Feynman diagram below), this is due to the conversion of a down quark to an up quark by emission of a
W boson; the W- boson subsequently decays into an electron and an anti-neutrino.
In β+ decay, energy is used to convert a proton into a neutron, a
positron (
e+ ) and a
neutrino (\nu_e):
\mathrm{energy} + p^+ \rightarrow n^0 + e^+ + {\nu}_e.
Fundamentally, an up quark is converted into a down quark, emitting a W+ boson which then decays into a positron and a neutrino.
So, unlike beta minus decay, beta plus decay cannot occur in isolation, because it requires energy, the
mass of the neutron being greater than the mass of the proton. Beta plus decay can only happen inside nuclei when the absolute value of the binding energy of the daughter nucleus is higher than that of the mother nucleus. The difference between these energies goes into the reaction of converting a proton into a neutron, a positron and a neutrino and into the kinetic energy of these particles.
In all the cases where β+ decay is allowed energetically (and the proton is a part of a nucleus with electron shells), it is accompanied by the electron capture process, when an atomic electron is captured by a nucleus with the emission of a neutrino:
\mathrm{energy} + p^+ + e^- \rightarrow n^0 + {\nu}_e.
But if the energy difference between initial and final states is low (less than 2mec2), then β+ decay is not energetically possible, and electron capture is the sole decay mode.
If the proton and neutron are part of an atomic nucleus, these decay processes
Nuclear transmutation one chemical element into another. For example:
\mathrm{{}^1{}^{37}_{55}Cs}\rightarrow\mathrm{{}^1{}^{37}_{56}Ba}+ e^- + \bar{\nu}_e (beta minus),
\mathrm{~^{22}_{11}Na}\rightarrow\mathrm{~^{22}_{10}Ne} + e^+ + {\nu}_e (beta plus),
\mathrm{~^{22}_{11}Na} + e^- \rightarrow\mathrm{~^{22}_{10}Ne} + {\nu}_e (electron capture).
Beta decay does not change the number of nucleons
A in the nucleus but changes only its electric charge
Z. Thus the set of all nuclides with the same
A can be introduced; these
isobaric nuclides may turn into each other via beta decay. Among them, several nuclides (at least one) are beta stable, because they present local minima of the mass excess: if such a nucleus has (
A,
Z) numbers, the neighbour nuclei (
A,
Z−1) and (
A,
Z+1) have higher mass excess and can beta decay into (
A,
Z), but not vice versa. It should be noted, that a beta-stable nucleus may undergo other kinds of radioactive decay (alpha decay, for example). In nature, most isotopes are beta stable, but a few exceptions exist with
half life so long that they have not had enough time to decay since the moment of their nucleosynthesis. One example is potassium, which undergoes all three types of beta decay (beta minus, beta plus and electron capture) with half life of 1.277×109 years.
Some nuclei can undergo double beta decay (ββ decay) where the charge of the nucleus changes by two units. In most practically interesting cases, single beta decay is energetically forbidden for such nuclei, because when β and ββ decays are both allowed, the probability of β decay is (usually) much higher, preventing investigations of very rare ββ decays. Thus, ββ decay is usually studied only for beta stable nuclei. Like single beta decay, double beta decay does not change
A; thus, at least one of the nuclides with some given
A has to be stable with regard to both single and double beta decay.
Beta decay can be considered as a perturbation as described in quantum mechanics, and thus follows Fermi's Golden Rule.
Kurie plot
A Kurie Plot is a graph used in studying beta decay, in which the square root of the number of beta particles whose momenta (or energy) lie within a certain narrow range, divided by a function worked out by Fermi, is plotted against beta-particle energy; it is a straight line for allowed transitions and some forbidden transitions, in accord with the Fermi beta-decay theory.
History
Historically, the study of beta decay provided the first physical evidence of the
neutrino. In 1911 Lise Meitner and
Otto Hahn performed an experiment that showed that the energies of electrons emitted by beta decay had a continuous rather than discrete spectrum. This was in apparent contradiction to the
law of conservation of energy, as it appeared that energy was lost in the beta decay process. A second problem was that the spin of the Nitrogen-14 atom was 1, in contradiction to the Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson prediction of ½.
In 1920-1927, Charles Drummond Ellis (along with James Chadwick and colleagues) established clearly that the beta decay spectrum is really continuous, ending all controversies.
In a famous letter written in 1930 Wolfgang Pauli suggested that in addition to electrons and protons atoms also contained an extremely light neutral particle which he called the neutron. He suggested that this "neutron" was also emitted during beta decay and had simply not yet been observed. In 1931 Enrico Fermi renamed Pauli's "neutron" to neutrino, and in 1934 Fermi published a very successful Fermi's interaction in which neutrinos were produced.
See also
Beta Decay
Beta Decay I'm going to illustrate how radioactive decay works with the help of an isotope table applet, which should now be open in a separate window.
Beta Plus And Beta Minus Decay
Beta decay - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. In the case of electron emission, it is referred to ...
Double beta decay - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In the process of beta decay, unstable nuclei decay by converting a neutron in the nucleus to a proton and emitting an electron and an electron antineutrino.
IoP half-day meeting on Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay
AGENDA. The complete agenda can be found HERE. Meeting Venue: Schuster Laboratory, Brunswick Street, Building 54 on the Campus Map. For more information on how to reach us, please ...
Beta-decay - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Beta-decay
Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Beta-decay. Beta-decay. Information about Beta-decay in the Hutchinson encyclopedia. beta decay
Glossary Item - Beta Decay
A glossary of scientific terms. ... Return to the Glossary Index Page | Beta Decay. Beta decay is one process that unstable atoms can use to become more stable.
beta decay
Disintegration of the nucleus of an atom to produce a beta particle, or high-speed electron, and an electron antineutrino
COBRA Double Beta Decay and Low Background Physics
COBRA Double Beta Decay and Low Background Physics Y. A. Ramachers The COBRA experiment is a major new UK initiative in neutrino physics to detect an extremely rare radioactive ...
Double beta decay
25/03/2004 . Ruben Saakyan, UCL PPAP meeting at RHUL . 2 . Outline . Motivation; bb status; Situation in the UK; Future projects and UK involvement; Sensitivity and time ...
